ओरल इंग्लिश फोए वास्स्के(वेक

The English Language has 44 sound units called phonemes.The following contain the facts of the sound units and the examples that will help the students to have adequate grasp of English phonemes.There are 12 pure vowels and eight diphthongs.The following are the examples of the vowels.
1. /a / as in back, pack, pat,man,lack, brag,bat,lag,sat,fat,nagging etc.
2. / i/ as in sit, fit, pit, nip, kick, fin, lit, pick, lick, sin, lip,etc.
3. /i: / as in seat,feet, yeast, feast, leak, least, meet, seek, free, feed, etc.
4. / e / as in get, set, led, red, leg, said, says, neck, bed, deck, desk, guest, etc
5. / a: / as in park, shark, palm, balm, car, mark, laugh, class, etc.
6. / o / as in pot, lot, lock, dock, knock, rot, cock, cot, not, hot, etc.
7. / u / as in put, book, look, etc.
8. / u: / as in loom, pool, bloom, groom, broom, gloom, etc
9. / ou / as in goat, load, groan, gloat, moan, boat, etc

The above points are meant to help both the students and the general reader to grasp the rudiments of pronouncing words of English correctly. More points will be given in my next article.

रेविएव १: ओलोनिअलिस्म एंड Alienation

Psychological and socio-psychological aspects of colonialism can be seen in the overall colonial situation.There is psychological alienation and social alienation.There is also the economic alienation.The concept of alienation as evolved by Marx can be applied to the colonial situation and whether the colonies or the countries of the Third World in general, can be aptly analysed with reference to the economic categories Marx derived from capitalist commodity production. According to Marx, precapitalist forms of production are characterised by the fact that the individuals as members of a community own the means of production, primarily the land. Under precapitalist conditions of production, mainly articles of utility are produced, and payments in kind outweighs payments in money.

'In both forms( the small individual free hold as well as the communal type of land ownership) the worker relates to the objective conditions of his labour as a property owner.This is the natural unity of labour and its material prerequisites.The worker thus has an objective existence independent of his labour... In both forms the individuals do not behave as workers but as owners; they are members of a community and work as such.'1

The above analysis depicts the human natural condition before the advent of colnialism created both the social and economic alienation.In the next article I shall examine the effects of colonialism in the alienation theme.

Karl Marx, Grundrisse der politischen Okonomie( Berlin: Rohentwurf,1953) p.375