Economics: International Trade

In Economics ,International Trade can be defined as trade between nations.There are certain problems that face international trade. Such problems include differences of currency, linguistic barriers, and artificial barriers like cutom duties and tarrifs.
The principles of International Trade.The business of international trade is guided by the law of comparative advantage.The law of comparative advantage states that countries should specalize in the production of commodities in which they have comparative advantage over others. The theory of comparative cost is merely an extension of the principle of comparativwe advantage.This theory was propounded by Richardo in the nineteenth century.
The Merits of International Trade include:
1.It leads to increase in world output of commodities. 2. It leads to increase in standard of living all over the world. 3. It brings about the prospect for world peace. 4. It increases the number and variety of goods. 5. It tends to increase specialization. 6. It brings about exchange of ideas. And it brings about efficient allocation of resources.

Oral English- Theoretical Orientation

Oral English is otherwise called Spoken English. This concept is based on the phoneme theory. First of all let us define a phoneme.What is a phoneme? Phonologically speaking ,the phoneme is the smallest distinctive unit of sound. In other words sound units are called phonemes. They are distinctive and this is one major characteristic that phonemes have.What do we mean when we say that phonemes are distinctive? This means that phonemes are reciprocally exclusive.

This means that two different phonemes cannot occur in the same linguistic environment.For example in the word 'bed' the medial vowel sound is \e\ and it is distinctive. It remains \e\ and any attempt to replace it with another phoneme and still retain the original meaning of the word 'bed' is impossible.Once another phoneme is used to replace the phoneme in the original word, in this case 'bed', the meaning of the word automatically changes. This is the main characteristic of phonemes and students and undergraduates in universities must study this theory very well to grasp the total message.Oral English is fundamental to the study of English Language and this is why some examining bodies like NECO and WAEC have made Oral English a compulsory part of their English Language examination.

English Grammar... Nominalization

What is nominaliztion? This is the act of turning words and phrases into nouns.In this lecture I shall teach you how words like ' strong, long, beautiful,late and so on' can be turned into nouns.When these words are turned into nouns their grammatical context also changes.This brings us to another grammatical component called 'Inflecxion'. What is inflexion? Inflexion is a change in the form of a word to show change of meaning.And this is why I said above that once a word has undergone nominalization, that is when it is changed to a noun it aquires a shade of meaning and its grammatical context automatically changes.

For instance in the sentence 'The building is a long one'. Here the word 'long' is an adjective qualifying the noun 'one' that represents the building.But if 'long' is changed to a noun it becomes 'length' and its grammatical context changes.For instance you cannot speak or write 'The building is a 'length' one'.This is a wrong sentence because the word 'length' is an abstract noun' .So the correct sentence becomes 'The length of the building is big'. The grammatical context has changed because of a change in the form of the word ' long'.It has turned to 'strength'. To be continued

WASSCE Oral English

Oral English has become a part of WAEC Engish Language examination. It is therefore pertinent to note that the candidates who want to make credits in their Waec or NECO examination on English must aim at a good knowledge of Oral English.It must also be noted that the knowledge of Oral Engish is not limited to any of these public examinations.The function of oral English is to help individuals know how to pronounce words of English in daily life.This writer did Oral English as a full course in the university and is therefore very much qualified to talk authoritatively on the subject. And the facts I present are verifiable and readers are enjoined to make more research and come up with any new ideas as we know that learning is a continuos process.And again no one is a repository of knowledge.Therefore I welcome any useful comments on any of my articles.

There are twenty-four consonants in the English Language and in my subsequent articles I will try to detail lectures on oral English for the benefit of all. We have two groups of consonants: the voiced and voiceless consonants. To be continued.

रेविसितिंग सतयलेस इन लव making

For a sustained relationship, the partners must understand each other very well. The man and the woman in love have to understand the essence of love. There are different sexual behaviour and responses in both man and woman. The central thing in love relationship is being able to satisfy your partner sexually. When this is lacking such relationship is bound to hit the rocks. This kind of unsatisfied desire in a relationship makes either partner to look elsewhere for sexual satisfaction. This in turn leads one to having multiple partners which may lead to the infection with HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. It is therefore important that the man and the woman in love will understand and discover their secret in satisfying each other sexually so that neither of them will indulge in multiple partners or sex and thereby avoiding contacting HIV/AIDS to that extent.

The body language your partner shows you will tell you whether he or she is pleased.Then if she is pleased do not relax but press her on that point for more pleasrable activity to satisfy both of you. Such sustainded love will make both of you stick to each other without looking elsewhere and thus avoiding adultery or fornication.

ओरल इंग्लिश फोए वास्स्के(वेक

The English Language has 44 sound units called phonemes.The following contain the facts of the sound units and the examples that will help the students to have adequate grasp of English phonemes.There are 12 pure vowels and eight diphthongs.The following are the examples of the vowels.
1. /a / as in back, pack, pat,man,lack, brag,bat,lag,sat,fat,nagging etc.
2. / i/ as in sit, fit, pit, nip, kick, fin, lit, pick, lick, sin, lip,etc.
3. /i: / as in seat,feet, yeast, feast, leak, least, meet, seek, free, feed, etc.
4. / e / as in get, set, led, red, leg, said, says, neck, bed, deck, desk, guest, etc
5. / a: / as in park, shark, palm, balm, car, mark, laugh, class, etc.
6. / o / as in pot, lot, lock, dock, knock, rot, cock, cot, not, hot, etc.
7. / u / as in put, book, look, etc.
8. / u: / as in loom, pool, bloom, groom, broom, gloom, etc
9. / ou / as in goat, load, groan, gloat, moan, boat, etc

The above points are meant to help both the students and the general reader to grasp the rudiments of pronouncing words of English correctly. More points will be given in my next article.

रेविएव १: ओलोनिअलिस्म एंड Alienation

Psychological and socio-psychological aspects of colonialism can be seen in the overall colonial situation.There is psychological alienation and social alienation.There is also the economic alienation.The concept of alienation as evolved by Marx can be applied to the colonial situation and whether the colonies or the countries of the Third World in general, can be aptly analysed with reference to the economic categories Marx derived from capitalist commodity production. According to Marx, precapitalist forms of production are characterised by the fact that the individuals as members of a community own the means of production, primarily the land. Under precapitalist conditions of production, mainly articles of utility are produced, and payments in kind outweighs payments in money.

'In both forms( the small individual free hold as well as the communal type of land ownership) the worker relates to the objective conditions of his labour as a property owner.This is the natural unity of labour and its material prerequisites.The worker thus has an objective existence independent of his labour... In both forms the individuals do not behave as workers but as owners; they are members of a community and work as such.'1

The above analysis depicts the human natural condition before the advent of colnialism created both the social and economic alienation.In the next article I shall examine the effects of colonialism in the alienation theme.

Karl Marx, Grundrisse der politischen Okonomie( Berlin: Rohentwurf,1953) p.375